XXVI International Congress of the
International Academy of Pathology
Montreal, Quebec, Canada



Short Course 13 - Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided Aspiration

Wednesday, September 20, 2006 14:00 - 17:30



  Directors: Martha Pitman
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA

Michael Stanley
United Health, St. Paul, MN
  Disclosure: In accordance with ACCME guidelines regarding disclosure, the USCAP policy requires that faculty members who have a significant financial or other relationship with a commercial company, entity, or service (which will be discussed in this Short Course) must disclose this to attendees. The Academy also requires that speakers disclose any products that are not labeled for the use under discussion. Faculty members for this Short Course have indicated they have no disclosures to make.


Click here to download handout in pdf format for the entire course (3.7 MB)


Gastric GIST with Cysts JM FNA (MPG - 4.9 MB)

Linitis Riha EUS FNA (MPG - 2.5 MB)

Linitis Riha EUS Peritoneal Sampling (MPG - 3.8 MB)

Liver FNA (MPG - 2.3 MB)

Peripanc Lymphoma FNA (MPG - 2.3 MB)

Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided FNA: References

Technique
  1. 1. Erickson RA, Sayage-Rabie L, Avots-Avotins A. Clinical utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Acta Cytol 1997;41:1647-1653.

  2. Gress FG, Hawes RH, Savides TJ, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy using linear array and radial scanning endosonography. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:243-50.

  3. Logrono R, Waxman I. Interactive role of the cytopathologist in EUS-guided fine needle aspiration: an efficient approach. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:485-90.

  4. Wiersema MJ, Vilmann P, Giovannini M, et al. Endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: Diagnostic accuracy and complication assessment. Gastroenterology 1997;112:1087-1095.

  5. Williams DB, Sahai AV, Aabakken L, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy: A large single centre experience. Gut 1999;44:720-726.
Lung/Mediastinum
  1. 1. Aabakken L, Silvestri GA, Hawes R, et al. Cost-efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography with fine-needle aspiration vs. mediastinotomy in patients with lung cancer and suspected mediastinal adenopathy. Endoscopy 1999;31:707-11.

  2. Fritscher-Ravens A, Petrasch S, Reinacher-Schick A, et al. Diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of mediastinal masses in patients with intrapulmonary lesions and nondiagnostic bronchoscopy. Respiration 1999;66:150-5.

  3. Fritscher-Ravens A, Sriram PV, Bobrowski C, et al. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with or without previous malignancy: EUS-FNA-based differential cytodiagnosis in 153 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:2278-84.

  4. Kramer H, Sanders J, Post WJ, et al. Analysis of cytological specimens from mediastinal lesions obtained by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. Cancer 2006;

  5. Sawhney MS, Kratzke RA, Lederle FA, et al. Endoscopic Ultrasound and Positron Emission Tomography for Lung Cancer Staging. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;

  6. Silvestri GA, Hoffman BJ, Bhutani MS, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;61:1441-5; discussion 1445-6.

  7. Vilmann P. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of lymph nodes. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;43:S24-9.
Esophagus/Stomach
  1. 1. Ando N, Goto H, Niwa Y, et al. The diagnosis of GI stromal tumors with EUS-guided fine needle aspiration with immunohistochemical analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:37-43.

  2. Cheuk W, Lee KC, Chan JK. c-kit immunocytochemical staining in the cytologic diagnosis of metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. A report of two cases. Acta Cytol 2000;44:679-85.

  3. Debol SM, Stanley MW, Mallery JS. Can fine needle aspiration cytology adequately diagnose and predict the behavior of gastrointestinal stromal tumors? Diagnostic Cytopathology 2000;23:156-60.

  4. Elliott DD, Fanning CV, Caraway NP. The utility of fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a cytomorphologic and immunohistochemical analysis with emphasis on malignant tumors. Cancer 2006;108:49-55.

  5. Eloubeidi MA, Wallace MB, Reed CE, et al. The utility of EUS and EUS-guided fine needle aspiration in detecting celiac lymph node metastasis in patients with esophageal cancer: a single-center experience. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:714-9.

  6. Heintz A, Mildenberger P, Georg M, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of regional lymph nodes in esophageal and gastric cancer--results of studies in vitro. Endoscopy 1993;25:231-5.

  7. Laforga JB. Malignant epithelioid gastrointestinal stromal tumors: report of a case with cytologic and immunohistochemical studies. Acta Cytol 2005;49:435-40.

  8. Okubo K, Yamao K, Nakamura T, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the stomach. J Gastroenterol 2004;39:747-53.

  9. Reed CE, Mishra G, Sahai AV, et al. Esophageal cancer staging: improved accuracy by endoscopic ultrasound of celiac lymph nodes. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:319-21; discussion 322.

  10. Stelow EB, Lai R, Bardales RH, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of lymph nodes: the Hennepin County Medical Center experience. Diagn Cytopathol 2004;30:301-6.

  11. Wieczorek TJ, Faquin WC, Rubin BP, et al. Cytologic diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor with emphasis on the differential diagnosis with leiomyosarcoma. Cancer 2001;93:276-87.

  12. Willmore-Payne C, Layfield LJ, Holden JA. c-KIT mutation analysis for diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in fine needle aspiration specimens. Cancer 2005;105:165-70.

  13. Yantiss RK, Spiro IJ, Compton CC, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor versus intra-abdominal fibromatosis of the bowel wall: a clinically important differential diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:947-57.
Liver
  1. 1. Crowe DR, Eloubeidi MA, Chhieng DC, et al. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of hepatic lesions: computerized tomographic-guided versus endoscopic ultrasound-guided FNA. Cancer 2006;108:180-185.
General Pancreas
  1. 1. Centeno BA, Pitman MB. Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the Pancreas Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

  2. DeMay R. The Art and Science of Cytopathology. In: DeMay R ed. Thyroid. Chicago: ASCP Press, 1996:704-778.

  3. Geisinger KR, Stanley MW, Raab SS, Silverman JF, Abati A. Modern Cytopathology Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2004.

  4. Hruban RH, Pitman MB, Klimstra DS. Tumors of the Pancreas. 4th ed. Atlas of Tumor Pathology Washington, D.C.: AFIP, In press.

  5. Klimstra DS. Pancreas. In: Sternberg SS ed. Histology for Pathologists. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997:613-647.

  6. Lack EE. Pathology of the pancreas, gallbladder, extrahepatic biliary tract, and ampullary region New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2003.
Chronic Pancreatitis
  1. 1. Bentz JS, Kochman ML, Faigel DO, Ginsberg GG, Smith DB, Gupta PK. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided real-time fine-needle aspiration: clinicopathologic features of 60 patients. Diagnostic Cytopathology 1998;18(2):98-109.

  2. Deshpande V, Mino-Kenudson M, Pitman MB, Lauwers GY. Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of autoimmune pancreatitis: diagnostic criteria pitfalls. Am J Surg Pathol. In press;

  3. Fritscher-Ravens A, Brand L, Knofel WT, et al. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for focal pancreatic lesions in patients with normal parenchyma and chronic pancreatitis.[see comment]. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2002;97(11):2768-75.

  4. Hollerbach S, Klamann A, Topalidis T, Schmiegel WH. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology for diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy 2001;33(10):824-31.

  5. Stelow EB, Bardales RH, Lai R, et al. The cytological spectrum of chronic pancreatitis. Diagnostic Cytopathology 2005;32:65-69.

  6. Voss M, Hammel P, Molas G, et al. Value of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses. Gut 2000;46(2):244-9.

  7. Ylagan LR, Edmundowicz S, Kasal K, Walsh D, Lu DW. Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of pancreatic carcinoma: a 3-year experience and review of the literature. Cancer 2002;96(6):362-9.
Pseudocyst
  1. 1. Brugge WR, Lewandrowski K, Lee-Lewandrowski E, et al. Diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: a report of the cooperative pancreatic cyst study. Gastroenterology 2004;126(5):1330-6.

  2. Frossard JL, Amouyal P, Amouyal G, et al. Performance of endosonography-guided fine needle aspiration and biopsy in the diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2003;98(7):1516-1524.

  3. Kloppel G. Pseudocysts and other non-neoplastic cysts of the pancreas. Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology 2000;17(1):7-15.

  4. Kloppel G, Maillet B. Pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis: a morphological analysis of 57 resection specimens and 9 autopsy pancreata. Pancreas 1991;6(3):266-74.

  5. Kosmahl M, Pauser U, Peters K, et al. Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas and tumor-like lesions with cystic features: a review of 418 cases and a classification proposal. Virchows Arch 2004;445(2):168-78.

  6. Lewandrowski K, Lee J, Southern J, Centeno B, Warshaw A. Cyst fluid analysis in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cysts: a new approach to the preoperative assessment of pancreatic cystic lesions. AJR 1995;164:815-819.

  7. Pinto M, Meriano F. Diagnosis of cystic pancreatic lesions by cytologic examination and carcinoembryonic antigen and amylase levels of cyst contents. Acta Cytol 1991;35:456-463.
Ductal Adenocarcinoma
  1. 1. Al-Kaisi N, Siegler EE. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the pancreas. Acta Cytol 1989;33(2):145-52.

  2. Cohen MB, Egerter DP, Holly EA, Ahn DK, Miller TR. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: regression analysis to identify improved cytologic criteria. Diagn Cytopathol 1991;7:341-345.

  3. Fekete PS, Nunez C, Pitlik DA. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas: a study of 61 cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2(4):301-6.

  4. Henke A, Jensen C, Cohen M. Cytologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in biliary and pancreatic duct brushings. Adv Anat Pathol 2002;9(5):301-308.

  5. Lin F, Staerkel GA. Cytologic criteria for well differentiated adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens. Cancer 2003;99(1):44-50.

  6. Mitchell ML, Carney CN. Cytologic criteria for the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1985;83:171-176.

  7. Nagle J, Wilbur DC, Pitman MD. The cytomorphology of gastric and duodenal epithelium and reactivity to B72.3: A baseline for comparison to pancreatic neoplasms aspirated by EUS-FNAB. Diagn Cytopathol In press;

  8. Robins DB, Katz RL, Evans DB, Atkinson EN, Green L. Fine needle aspiration of the pancreas. In quest of accuracy. Acta Cytol 1995;39(1):1-10.

  9. Van Heek T, Rader A, Offerhaus G. K-ras, p53, and DPC4 (MAD4) alterations in fine-needle aspirates of the pancreas: a molecular panel correlates with and supplements cytologic diagnosis. Am J. Surg Oncol 2002;117:755-65.
Ductal Adenocarcinoma Variants
  1. 1. Adsay NV, Pierson C, Sarkar F, et al. Colloid (mucinous noncystic) carcinoma of the pancreas. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 2001;25(1):26-42.

  2. Chow LT, Chow WH. Signet-ring mucinous adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Chin Med Sci J 1994;9(3):176-8.

  3. Gupta RK, Wakefield SJ. Needle aspiration cytology, immunocytochemistry, and electron microscopic study of unusual pancreatic carcinoma with pleomorphic giant cells. Diagnostic Cytopathology 1992;8(5):522-7.

  4. Manci EA, Gardner LL, Pollock WJ, Dowling EA. Osteoclastic giant cell tumor of the pancreas. Aspiration cytology, light microscopy, and ultrastructure with review of the literature. Diagnostic Cytopathology 1985;1(2):105-10.

  5. Mullick SS, Mody DR. "Osteoclastic" giant cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Report of a case with aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol 1996;40(5):975-9.

  6. Paal E, Thompson LD, Frommelt RA, Przygodzki RM, Heffess CS. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 35 anaplastic carcinomas of the pancreas with a review of the literature. Ann Diagn Pathol 2001;5(3):129-40.

  7. Rahemtullah A, Misdraji J, Pitman MB. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas: cytologic features in 14 cases. Cancer 2003;99(6):372-8.

  8. Silverman JF, Dabbs DJ, Finley JL, Geisinger KR. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pleomorphic (giant cell) carcinoma of the pancreas. Cytologic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural findings. Am J Clin Pathol 1988;89(6):714-20.

  9. Silverman JF, Finley JL, Berns L, Unverferth M. Significance of giant cells in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of benign and malignant lesions of the pancreas. Diagn Cytopathol 1989;5(4):388-91.

  10. Tracey KJ, O'Brien MJ, Williams LF, et al. Signet ring carcinoma of the pancreas, a rare variant with very high CEA values. Immunohistologic comparison with adenocarcinoma. Digestive Diseases & Sciences 1984;29(6):573-6.

  11. Walts AE. Osteoclast-type giant-cell tumor of the pancreas. Acta Cytol 1983;27(5):500-4.
Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasm
  1. 1. Al-Kaisi N, Weaver MG, Abdul KFW, Siegler E. Fine needle aspiration cytology of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. A cytologic immunocytochemical and electron microscopic study. Acta Cytol 1992;36(5):655-60.

  2. Bell DA. Cytologic features of islet-cell tumors. Acta Cytol 1987;31(4):485-492.

  3. Collins BT, Cramer HM. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of islet cell tumors. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;15(1):37-45.

  4. Dodd LG, Evans DB, Symmans F, Katz RL. Fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic extramedullary plasmacytoma: possible confusion with islet cell tumor. Diagnostic Cytopathology 1994;10(4):371-5.

  5. Labate AM, Klimstra DL, Zakowski MF. Comparative cytologic features of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma and islet cell tumor. Diagn Cytopathol 1997;16(2):112-116.

  6. Ligneau B, Lombard-Bohas C, Partensky C. Cystic endocrine tumors of the pancreas: clinical, radiologic and histopathologic features in 13 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25:752-60.

  7. Shaw JA, Vance RP, Geisinger KR, Marshall RB. Islet cell neoplasms. A fine-needle aspiration cytology study with immunocytochemical correlations. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1990;94(2):142-9.

  8. Sneige N, Ordonez NG, Veanattukalathil S, Samaan NA. Fine-needle aspiration cytology in pancreatic endocrine tumors [published erratum appears in Diagn Cytopathol 1987 Jun;3(2):176]. Diagn Cytopathol 1987;3(1):35-40.

  9. Sun W, Sneige N, Staerkel G. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound-guided and computed tomography-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of islet cell tumor of pancreas. Modern Pathology 2004;17, supplement 1:82A.
Acinar Cell Carcinoma
  1. 1. Caruso RA, Inferrera A, Tuccari G, Barresi G. Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas. A histologic, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study. Histology & Histopathology 1994;9(1):53-8.

  2. Klimstra DS. Pancreas. In: Sternberg SS ed. Histology for Pathologists. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997:613-647.

  3. Klimstra DS, Heffess CS, Oertel JE, Rosai J. Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas. A clinicopathologic study of 28 cases. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 1992;16(9):815-37.

  4. Labate AM, Klimstra DL, Zakowski MF. Comparative cytologic features of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma and islet cell tumor. Diagn Cytopathol 1997;16(2):112-116.

  5. Samuel LH, Frierson HJ. Fine needle aspiration cytology of acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas: a report of two cases. Acta Cytol 1996;40(3):585-91.

  6. Villanueva RR, Nguyen-Ho P, Nguyen GK. Needle aspiration cytology of acinar-cell carcinoma of the pancreas: report of a case with diagnostic pitfalls and unusual ultrastructural findings. Diagnostic Cytopathology 1994;10(4):362-4.
Pancreatoblastoma
  1. 1. Dhebri A, Connor S, Campbell F, Ghaneh P, Sutton R, Neoptolemos J. Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of pancreatoblastoma. Pancreatology 2004;4:441-53.

  2. Henke AC, Kelley CM, Jensen CS, Timmerman TG. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of pancreatoblastoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2001;25(2):118-21.

  3. Klimstra D, Longnecker D. Pancreatoblastoma. In: Hamilton S and Aaltonen L eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system. Lyon: IARC Press, 2000:244-5.

  4. Klimstra DS, Wenig BM, Adair CF, Heffess CS. Pancreatoblastoma. A clinicopathologic study and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:371-89.

  5. Pitman MB, Faquin WC. The fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytology of pancreatoblastoma. Diagnostic Cytopathology 2004;31:402-406.

  6. Silverman JF, Holbrook CT, Pories WJ, Kodroff MB, Joshi VV. Fine needle aspiration cytology of pancreatoblastoma with immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies. Acta Cytol 1990;34(5):632-40.
Serous Cystadenoma
  1. 1. Hittmair A, Pernthaler H, Totsch M, Schmid KW. Preoperative fine needle aspiration cytology of a microcystic adenoma of the pancreas. Acta Cytol 1991;35(5):546-8.

  2. Lal A, Bourtsos EP, DeFrias DV, Nemcek AA, Nayar R. Microcystic adenoma of the pancreas: clinical, radiologic, and cytologic features. Cancer 2004;102(5):288-94.

  3. Lewandrowski K, Lee J, Southern J, Centeno B, Warshaw A. Cyst fluid analysis in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cysts: a new approach to the preoperative assessment of pancreatic cystic lesions. AJR 1995;164:815-819.

  4. Logrono R, Vyas SH, Molina CP, Waxman I. Microcytic adenoma of the pancreas: cytologic appearance on percutaneous and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. Report of a case. Diagnostic Cytopathol 1999;20:298-301.

  5. Nguyen GK, Vogelsang PJ. Microcystic adenoma of the pancreas. A report of two cases with fine needle aspiration cytology and differential diagnosis. Acta Cytol 1993;37(6):908-12.
Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm
  1. 1. Abraham SC, Klimstra DS, Wilentz RE, et al. Solid-pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas are genetically distinct from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and almost always harbor beta-catenin mutations. Am J Pathol 2002;160(4):1361-9.

  2. Brugge WR, Lauwers GY, Sahani D, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Warshaw AL. Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. N Engl J Med 2004;351(12):1218-26.

  3. Greenberg ML, Rennie Y, Grierson JM, Quin JW, Boadle RA. Solid and papillary epithelial tumour of the pancreas: cytological case study with ultrastructural and flow cytometric evaluation. Diagnostic Cytopathology 1993;9(5):541-6.

  4. Pelosi G, Iannucci A, Zamboni G, Bresaola E, Iacono C, Serio G. Solid and cystic papillary neoplasm of the pancreas: a clinico-cytopathologic and immunocytochemical study of five new cases diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology and a review of the literature. [Review] [106 refs]. Diagnostic Cytopathology 1995;13(3):233-46.

  5. Pettinato G, Di Vizio D, Manivel JC, Pambuccian SE, Somma P, Insabato L. Solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: a neoplasm with distinct and highly characteristic cytological features. Diagnostic Cytopathology 2002;27(6):325-34.

  6. Pettinato G, Manivel JC, Ravetto C, et al. Papillary cystic tumor of the pancreas. A clinicopathologic study of 20 cases with cytologic, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and flow cytometric observations, and a review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol 1992;98(5):478-88.
Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms
  1. 1. Brugge WR. Role of endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis of cystic lesions of the pancreas. Pancreatology 2001;1(6):637-40.

  2. Jhala NC, Jhala D, Eltoum I, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy: A powerful tool to obtain samples from small lesions. Cancer Cytopathology 2004;102(4):239-246.

  3. Klapman JB, Logrono r, Dye CE, Waxman I. Clinical impact of on-site cytopathology interpretation on endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98(6):1289-94.

  4. Lau SK, Lewandrowski KB, Brugge WR, Warshaw AL, Centeno BA. Diagnostic significance of mucin in fine needle aspiration samples of pancreatic cysts. Modern Pathology 2000;13(3):48A.

  5. Lewandrowski KB, Southern JF, Pins MR, Compton CC, Warshaw AL. Cyst fluid analysis in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cysts: A comparison of pseudocysts, serous cystadenomas, mucinous cystic neoplasms, and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 1993;217:41-47.

  6. Mallery JS, Centeno BA, Hahn PF, Chang Y, Warshaw AL, Brugge WR. Pancreatic tissue sampling guided by EUS, CT/US, and surgery: a comparison of sensitivity and specificity. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2002;56:218-24.

  7. Nagle J, Wilbur DC, Pitman MD. The cytomorphology of gastric and duodenal epithelium and reactivity to B72.3: A baseline for comparison to pancreatic neoplasms aspirated by EUS-FNAB. Diagn Cytopathol In press;

  8. Pinto M, Meriano F. Diagnosis of cystic pancreatic lesions by cytologic examination and carcinoembryonic antigen and amylase levels of cyst contents. Acta Cytol 1991;35:456-463.

  9. Recine M, Kaw M, Evans DB, Krishnamurthy S. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of mucinous tumors of the pancreas. Cancer 2004;102(2):92-9.

  10. Shin HJ, Lahoti S, Sneige N. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in 179 cases: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. Cancer 2002;96(3):174-80.
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm
  1. 1. Faigel DO, Ginsberg GG, Bentz JS, Gupta PK, Smith DB, Kochman ML. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided real-time fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas in cancer patients with pancreatic lesions. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1997;15(4):1439-1443.

  2. Hruban RH, Takaori K, Klimstra DS, et al. An illustrated consensus on the classification of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 2004;28(8):977-87.

  3. Jhala NC, Jhala D, Eltoum I, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy: A powerful tool to obtain samples from small lesions. Cancer Cytopathology 2004;102(4):239-246.

  4. Klapman JB, Logrono r, Dye CE, Waxman I. Clinical impact of on-site cytopathology interpretation on endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98(6):1289-94.

  5. Layfield LJ, Cramer H. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors: A retrospective analysis. Diagnostic Cytopathology 2005;32(1):16-20.

  6. Maire F, Couvelard A, Hammel P, et al. Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of the pancreas: the preoperative value of cytologic and histopathologic diagnosis. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2003;58(5):701-6.

  7. Michaels PJ, Brachtel EF, Bounds BC, Brugge WR, Pitman MB. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas: cytohistologic analysis and correlation with histologic grade. Cancer Cytopathology 2006;108:163-173.

  8. Recine M, Kaw M, Evans DB, Krishnamurthy S. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of mucinous tumors of the pancreas. Cancer 2004;102(2):92-9.

  9. Shin HJ, Lahoti S, Sneige N. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in 179 cases: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. Cancer 2002;96(3):174-80.

  10. Stelow EB, Stanley MW, Bardales RH, et al. Intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. The findings and limitations of cytologic samples obtained by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003;120:398-404.